Long-Term Effects of Zinc Exposures on Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1979 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary W. Holcombe ◽  
Duane A. Benoit ◽  
Edward N. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Long Term Effects

Long-Term Effects of Large Woody Debris Addition on Stream Habitat and Brook Trout Populations

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
John A. Sweka ◽  
Kyle J. Hartman ◽  
Jonathan M. Niles
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Habitat Complexity ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Large Woody Debris ◽  
Stream Habitat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Habitat Manipulation ◽  
Central Appalachians

Abstract In this study, we resurveyed stream habitat and sampled brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations 6 y after large woody debris additions to determine long-term changes in habitat and brook trout populations. In a previous study, we added large woody debris to eight streams in the central Appalachians of West Virginia to determine whether stream habitat could be enhanced and brook trout populations increased following habitat manipulation. The large woody debris additions had no overall effect on stream habitat and brook trout populations by 6 y after the additions. The assumption that a lack of large woody debris is limiting stream habitat and brook trout populations was not supported by our results. In high-gradient streams, habitat complexity may be governed more by the abundance of boulders and large woody debris may have a lesser influence on trout populations.

Some Short-term Indicators of Sublethal Effects of Copper on Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 698-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Drummond ◽  
W. A. Spoor ◽  
G. F. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Sublethal Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cough Frequency

Changes in cough frequency, locomotor activity, and feeding behavior of yearling brook trout appeared within 2–24 hr at copper concentrations as low as 6–15 μg/liter. Each of these responses appears to be useful for predicting the concentration range of copper likely to have no long-term effects on the species.

Long-Term Effects of Lead Exposure on Three Generations of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1976 ◽  
Vol 33 (8) ◽  
pp. 1731-1741 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. W. Holcombe ◽  
D. A. Benoit ◽  
E. N. Leonard ◽  
J. M. McKim
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Residue Analysis ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Three Generations ◽  
Toxicant Concentration ◽  
Liver And Kidney

Exposure of three generations of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) to mean total lead concentrations (0.9–474 μg/liter) showed that all second-generation trout exposed to 235 and 474 μg Pb/liter and 34% of those exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter developed severe spinal deformities (scoliosis). Scoliosis also appeared in 21% of the newly hatched third-generation alevins exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter, and weights of these fish 12 wk after hatch were significantly reduced. Gill, liver, and kidney tissues of first- and second-generation brook trout accumulated the greatest amount of lead. Only small amounts accumulated in the edible muscle. An equilibrium of lead residues was reached in liver and kidney tissue from second-generation fish after 70 wk of exposure, but not in gill tissue. Fish exposed to 119 μg Pb/liter and then placed in uncontaminated control water for 12 wk showed a 70, 78, and 74% loss in micrograms Pb per gram for gill, liver, and kidney tissue, respectively, and a 39, 56, and 35% loss, respectively, in the total micrograms of Pb in the whole tissue. Residue analysis of eggs, alevins, and juveniles showed that lead was accumulated during these life stages. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout in water with a hardness of 44 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 6.8–7.6 lies between 58 and 119 μg/liter for total lead and between 39 and 84 μg/liter for dissolved lead. The MATC was based on the development of scoliosis in second- and third-generation fish and the reduced growth of 12-wk-old third-generation trout. The 96-h LC50 for brook trout was 4100 μg/liter based on total lead and 3362 μg/liter based on dissolved lead; therefore, the application factor (MATC/96-h LC50) lies between 0.012 and 0.029 for both total and dissolved lead.

Effect of Long-Term Exposure to Acidf Aluminum, and Low Calcium on Adult Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontimlis). 2. Vitellogenesss and Osmoregulation

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1642 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Mount ◽  
J. R. Hockett ◽  
W. A. Gern
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Reproductive Physiology ◽  
Treatment Conditions ◽  
Plasma Estradiol ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
All Treatment

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for 193 d (previtellogenesis to spawning) to six combinations of acid, Al, and low Ca. Survival and growth were reduced by low pH combined with low Ca concentrations. After 41 d of exposure, fish in ail low pH exposures showed depressed plasma osmolality and Na concentrations, but by day 97 this apparent osmoregulatory stress was compensated for in all but the most severe treatment (pH 4.97, 47 μg inorganic Al/L, 0.5 mg Ca/L). At the observed peak of yolking (day 147), fish exposed to this treatment also had mean concentrations of plasma estradiol, vitellogenin, and Ca of only half control values. Fecundity (eggs per female) was significantly reduced as well, but this reduction was due in part to decreased growth. Despite these abnormalities in ionoregulatory and reproductive physiology, fish in all treatment conditions produced mature eggs. Among fish in stressful conditions, individual variation in growth and physiological parameters appeared to be correlated with osmoregulatory status. We hypothesize that the suite of physiological disturbances observed are linked to osmoregulatory impairment.

scholarly journals The Influence of Climate and Land Cover Change on Historical Brook Trout (Salvelinus Fontinalis) Populations in the Humber River, Rouge River, and Duffins Creek Watersheds

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Cynthia Maher
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Land Cover Change ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Long Term Changes ◽  
Humber River ◽  
Rouge River

Long-term records of the abundance of organisms are needed to detect more progressive changes in their populations as a result of external stressors. Long-term changes in historical Brook Trout

Nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and the demise of native brown trout (Salmo trutta) in northern boreal lakes: stealthy, long-term patterns?

2007 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 654-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johan Spens ◽  
Anders Alanärä ◽  
Lars-Ove Eriksson
Keyword(s):  
Brown Trout ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salmo Trutta ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Boreal Lakes ◽  
Extinction Rate ◽  
Average Maximum ◽  
Brown Trout Salmo Trutta

This study of 193 boreal lakes of northern Sweden suggests a long-term detrimental impact of introduced brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) on brown trout (Salmo trutta) populations. Thirteen of 65 (20%) brown trout populations in lakes exposed to brook trout went extinct, whereas the extinction rate in unexposed lakes was significantly lower (2%). We verified other studies that indicate that altitude strongly affects the distribution of the two species; brown trout populations in our higher altitude lakes were more sensitive to impact from brook trout. In 28 lakes above 285 m, 12 trout populations exposed to brook trout went extinct, while only one population became extinct in 37 lakes below 285 m. No effects of other environmental factors were detected (e.g., water chemistry, stocking of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), fish species community assembly, migration barriers, or lake morphometry on brown trout extinction). The time lag between the first record of brook trout introduction and subsequent extinction of brown trout was two decades on average (maximum 70 years). Even though further stocking of brook trout has been stopped, our analysis suggest that existing sympatric populations may continue to pose an extinction threat to brown trout.

Effects of Long-Term Preexposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Acid and Aluminum on the Ventilatory Response to Aluminum Challenge in Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)

1991 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1989-1995 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Walker ◽  
C. M. Wood ◽  
H. L. Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Stroke Volume ◽  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Control Fish ◽  
Twofold Increase ◽  
Arterial Ph ◽  
Sublethal Concentrations

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis; 200–300 g) were preexposed for 10 wk to 75 μg Al3+∙L−1, pH = 5.2, in soft water (25 μequiv Ca2+∙L−1) and controls to the same conditions without Al3+. When challenged with a lethal dose of Al3+ (333 μg∙L−1) at the same pH (5.2) and Ca2+ (25 μequiv∙L−1), the control fish demonstrated a twofold increase in ventilation volume and ventilatory stroke volume within the first two hours, an increase in [Formula: see text], and a decrease in pHa and hemoglobin O2 saturation. These effects were not seen in the group chronically preexposed to sublethal Al, indicating that some acclimation had occurred. Although the prechallenge [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] were the same in the two groups, the arterial pH, plasma [HCO3−], and hemoglobin O2 saturation of the Al-preexposed fish were significantly below those of the control fish, suggesting that the acclimation was achieved at some cost. Possible mechanisms are discussed.

Morphometric Changes in Gill Secondary Lamellae of Brook Trou (Salvelinus fontinalis) After Long-Term Exposure to Acid and Aluminum

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1643-1648 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Tietge ◽  
R. D. Johnson ◽  
H. L Bergman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Gill Tissue ◽  
Volume Density ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Chloride Cells ◽  
Physiological Data ◽  
Secondary Lamellae ◽  
Respiratory Efficiency

Adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed for 147 d to three different combinations of acid and Al in soft water (2 mg Ca/L). Samples of gill tissue from each of the three exposure conditions (pH 6.64 + 0 μg Al/L, pH 4.91 + 4.3 μg Al/L, and pH 4.45 + 393 μg Al/L) were examined by light microscopy using high-resolution techniques and morphometric analysis. As compared with fish in control conditions (pH 6.64 + 0 μg Al/L), exposure to pH 4.91 without Al significantly increased volume density of lamellar chloride cells. Low pH and elevated Al (pH 4.45 + 393 μg Al/L) resulted in increased diffusion distance, white blood cell infiltration of the lymphatic space of the gill tissue (an indicator of tissue damage), and a dramatic increase in lamellar dense cells. These results are consistent with the physiological data that show ionoregulatory stress and decreased respiratory efficiency as typical responses of brook trout exposed to low pH and combinations of low pH and elevated Al.

Changes in the Blood of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) After Short-Term and Long-Term Exposure to Copper

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 (10) ◽  
pp. 1883-1889 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McKim ◽  
G. M. Christensen ◽  
Evelyn P. Hunt
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transient Nature ◽  
Plasma Chloride ◽  
Red Blood Cell Count ◽  
Blood Characteristics ◽  
Extended Exposure ◽  
Initial Blood

Seven blood characteristics — red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hc), hemoglobin (Hb), plasma chloride (Cl), plasma glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (PGOT, L-aspartate:2-oxoglutarate amino transferase), osmolarity (Os), and total protein (TP) — were measured in brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) that had been exposed to three concentrations (67.5–69.2, 38.2–39.0, and 22.8–24.0 μg/liter) of Cu(II) for 6 and 21 days. Concentrations of 67.5–69.2 and 38.2–39.0 μg/liter caused statistically significant increases in RBC, Hc (6-day only), Hb, PGOT, and TP (6-day only), whereas Cl and Os decreased during both exposure periods. Five blood characteristics (RBC, Hb, Hc, Cl, and PGOT) were also measured in brook trout, which were exposed for 337 days to Cu(II) concentrations of 32.5, 17.4, 9.5, 5.7, and 3.4 μg/liter. After this long-term exposure, no changes were observed in the blood except for a measurable decrease in PGOT values at 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter. The disappearance of initial blood changes, after extended exposure, suggests the transient nature of these early responses. Application of this study to the evaluation of the physical condition of fish and the possible long-range forecasting of reproductive success and survival of a species is discussed.

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